New research provides a brand-new look of the small-scale physics of space plasma. The findings could be significant for numerical models of the greatest objects in the universe.
cOut past our borders, inside huge clusters, galaxies swim in a sea of plasma; a form of matter in which electrons and nuclei wander.
Though it makes up the bulk of the visible matter in the universe, this plasma remains inadequately understood. Scientists do not have a theory that fully describes its behaviour, particularly at small scales.
GALACTIC CLUSTERS
“High-resolution X-ray observations allowed us to learn some surprising truths about the viscosity of these plasmas,” says first author Irina Zhuravleva, an assistant professor of astrophysics at the University of Chicago. “One might expect that variations in density that arise in the plasma are quickly erased by viscosity; however, we saw the opposite—the plasma finds ways to maintain them.”
Distributed around the universe are massive clusters of galaxies, some of them millions of light-years across comprising thousands of galaxies. They sit in a type of plasma that we cannot recreate on Earth. It is very sparse and has very weak magnetic fields, tens of thousands of times weaker than we experience on the Earth’s surface. To study this plasma, scientists must rely on cosmic laboratories such as clusters of galaxies.
Zhuravleva and the team chose a relatively nearby galaxy cluster called the Coma Cluster, a gigantic, bright cluster made up of more than 1,000 galaxies. They chose a less dense region away from the cluster centre, where they hoped to be able to capture the average distance that particles travel between interactions with NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
In order to build a high-quality map of the plasma, they observed the Coma cluster for almost 12 days—much longer than a typical observing run.
STIRRING UP SPACE PLASMA
One thing that leapt out was how viscous the plasma was, how easily it’s mixed. “One could expect to see the viscosity resisting chaotic motions of plasma as we zoom in to smaller and smaller scales,” Zhuravleva says. But that didn’t happen; the plasma was clearly turbulent even on such small scales.
“It turned out that plasma behaviour is more similar to the swirling motions of milk stirred in a coffee mug than the smoother ones that honey makes,” she says.
Such low viscosity means that microscopic processes in plasma cause small irregularities in the magnetic field, causing particles to collide more frequently and making the plasma less viscous. Alternately, Zhuravleva says, viscosity could be different along and perpendicular to magnetic field lines.
Understanding the physics of such plasmas is essential for improving our models of how galaxies and galaxy clusters form and evolve with time.
“It is exciting that we were able to use observations of clusters of galaxies to understand fundamental properties of intergalactic plasmas,” says Zhuravleva. “Our observations confirm that clusters are great laboratories that can sharpen theoretical views on plasmas.”
